Perhaps not surprisingly, though, things can start to get complicated once you get underneath the surface a little. Consider the opening line of Adam Mickiewicz's epic poem upon which the film is adapted:
O Lithuania, my country, thou
Art like good health; I never knew till now
How precious, till I lost thee. Now I see
Thy beauty whole, because I yearn for thee.
For some, this couplet points to the Polish-Lithuanian union which existed in what we commonly call the Middle Ages, until the partitions of Poland that forced this part of the world to become a part of Czarist Russia from 1795-1918. It's remembering a state of the nation that no longer exists (note that both Tadeusz and Ashes chronicle nobly doomed attempts to reassert independent Polish statehood). But as is alluded to in the end of Pan Tadeusz (with a discussion about serf emancipation), the reassertion of Poland and Polish rule over the land puts the Poles back as colonial rulers in their own right. Lithuanians might hear this opening couplet from Mickevičius (as he's know in Lithuanian) and have their own sense of this country that they lost time and again...